How to Buy a Handgun: A Complete Beginner's Guide
Buying a handgun for the first time can feel overwhelming. There are legal requirements to navigate, calibers to choose from, and the transfer process to understand. This complete guide walks you through every step of buying a handgun in the United States.
Step 1: Know the Legal Requirements
Before purchasing a handgun, make sure you meet the federal and state legal requirements:
Federal Requirements:
- Must be at least 21 years old to purchase a handgun from a licensed dealer
- Must be a U.S. citizen or legal resident
- Must not be a prohibited person (felon, domestic violence conviction, illegal drug user, etc.)
- Must pass a NICS background check
State Requirements:
Some states impose additional requirements such as:
- Waiting periods (California: 10 days; Florida: 3 days)
- Pistol permits or purchase permits (New York, New Jersey, Illinois)
- Handgun safety certificates (California)
- FOID (Firearm Owners Identification) card (Illinois)
Always check your state's specific handgun purchasing laws before proceeding.
Step 2: Choose the Right Handgun
Handguns fall into two main categories:
Semi-Automatic Pistols
The most popular handgun type. Magazines typically hold 10-18+ rounds. Popular models include the Glock 17/19, SIG P320, Smith & Wesson M&P, Springfield Hellcat, and Ruger Security-9.
Revolvers
Simpler to operate with a rotating cylinder. Generally hold 5-6 rounds. Popular models include the Ruger LCR, Smith & Wesson Model 642, and Taurus 856.
Caliber Considerations:
- 9mm: Most popular for personal defense. Manageable recoil, widely available ammunition, excellent ballistic performance.
- .380 ACP: Compact carry option. Lighter recoil than 9mm.
- .40 S&W: More recoil than 9mm, less popular today.
- .45 ACP: Larger caliber, heavier recoil.
- .357 Magnum: Powerful revolver caliber.
For most first-time buyers, a 9mm semi-automatic pistol is the best starting point.
Step 3: Buy at a Local Gun Store
The simplest way to buy a handgun is to visit a licensed FFL dealer near you. You can:
- Handle different models to find what fits your hand comfortably
- Ask for recommendations from knowledgeable staff
- Complete all paperwork on the spot
- Walk out the same day (in states without waiting periods)
Use FFLSearch.net to find licensed handgun dealers near you.
Step 4: Buy Online and Transfer Through an FFL
You can also purchase a handgun from online retailers like GunBroker, Guns.com, or manufacturer websites. The process:
1. Purchase the handgun online
2. Select a local FFL dealer to receive the shipment
3. The dealer receives and logs the gun
4. You visit the dealer, complete ATF Form 4473, pass the background check, and pick up your handgun
Step 5: Complete the Paperwork
Whether buying online or in-store, you will need to:
- Present a valid government-issued photo ID
- Complete ATF Form 4473 (Firearms Transaction Record)
- Pass an NICS background check
- In some states, provide a state-required permit or certificate
Step 6: Safe Storage
Once you have your handgun, responsible storage is essential:
- Store in a locked gun safe or lockbox when not in use
- Keep ammunition separate from the firearm when storing
- Use a trigger lock for additional security
- Keep firearms away from children
Popular Beginner Handguns
- Glock 19: Versatile, reliable, and widely used by law enforcement
- SIG Sauer P365: Compact and excellent for concealed carry
- Ruger LCR: Simple revolver, great for new shooters
- Smith & Wesson Shield Plus: Slim, easy to shoot
- Springfield Hellcat: High-capacity compact pistol
Find a Dealer Near You
Ready to buy your first handgun? Use FFLSearch.net to find licensed FFL dealers near you who can help you select the right handgun, complete your paperwork, and make the process easy.